# RC2014

Zilog Z80 & RC2014

# Manuals & Books

## Z80 CPU

### Hardware

- [User Manual](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/2)
- [CPU Peripherals](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/3)

### Software

- [Z-80 Assembly Language Programming](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/4) (and other books form [archive.org](https://archive.org/search?query=subject%3A%22Zilog+Z-80+%28Microprocessor%29%22))
- [How to program the Z80](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/5)
- [Z80 CPU Microprocessor Instant Reference Card](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/14) ([alt](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/17))
- [8080 Programmers Manual](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/15)
- [8085Ref](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/16)
- [8080A MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/18)

<details id="bkmrk-8080a---------------"><summary>8080A</summary>

```
----------------------------------------------------------------
|                                                              |
|                                                              |
|                            Intel                             |
|                                                              |
|        88888      000      88888      000        A           |
|       8     8    0   0    8     8    0   0      A A          |
|       8     8   0   0 0   8     8   0   0 0    A   A         |
|        88888    0  0  0    88888    0  0  0   AAAAAAA        |
|       8     8   0 0   0   8     8   0 0   0   A     A        |
|       8     8    0   0    8     8    0   0    A     A        |
|        88888      000      88888      000     A     A        |
|                                                              |
|         8080A MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary         |
|                                                              |
|                                                              |
|                                                              |
|                                                              |
|                                                              |
|                    _________    _________                    |
|                  _|         \__/         |_                  |
|         <-- A10 |_|1                   40|_| A11 -->         |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|             Vss |_|2                   39|_| A14 -->         |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|         <--> D4 |_|3                   38|_| A13 -->         |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|         <--> D5 |_|4                   37|_| A12 -->         |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|         <--> D6 |_|5                   36|_| A15 -->         |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|         <--> D7 |_|6                   35|_| A9 -->          |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|         <--> D3 |_|7                   34|_| A8 -->          |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|         <--> D2 |_|8                   33|_| A7 -->          |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|         <--> D1 |_|9                   32|_| A6 -->          |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|         <--> D0 |_|10      8080A       31|_| A5 -->          |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|             Vbb |_|11                  30|_| A4 -->          |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|       --> RESET |_|12                  29|_| A3 -->          |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|        --> HOLD |_|13                  28|_| Vdd             |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|         --> INT |_|14                  27|_| A2 -->          |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|        --> CLK2 |_|15                  26|_| A1 -->          |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|        <-- INTE |_|16                  25|_| A0 -->          |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|        <-- DBIN |_|17                  24|_| WAIT -->        |
|              __  _|                      |_                  |
|          <-- WR |_|18                  23|_| READY <--       |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|        <-- SYNC |_|19                  22|_| CLK1 <--        |
|                  _|                      |_                  |
|             Vcc |_|20                  21|_| HLDA -->        |
|                   |______________________|                   |
|                                                              |
|                                                              |
|                                                              |
|                                                              |
|                                                              |
|                                                              |
|Written by     Jonathan Bowen                                 |
|               Programming Research Group                     |
|               Oxford University Computing Laboratory         |
|               8-11 Keble Road                                |
|               Oxford OX1 3QD                                 |
|               England                                        |
|                                                              |
|               Tel +44-865-273840                             |
|                                                              |
|Created        May 1983                                       |
|Updated        April 1985                                     |
|Issue          1.1                Copyright (C) J.P.Bowen 1985|
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
|Mnemonic |Op|SZAPC|~s|Description               |Notes        |
|---------+--+-----+--+--------------------------+-------------|
|ACI n    |CE|*****| 7|Add with Carry Immediate  |A=A+n+CY     |
|ADC r    |8F|*****| 4|Add with Carry            |A=A+r+CY(21X)|
|ADC M    |8E|*****| 7|Add with Carry to Memory  |A=A+[HL]+CY  |
|ADD r    |87|*****| 4|Add                       |A=A+r   (20X)|
|ADD M    |86|*****| 7|Add to Memory             |A=A+[HL]     |
|ADI n    |C6|*****| 7|Add Immediate             |A=A+n        |
|ANA r    |A7|****0| 4|AND Accumulator           |A=A&r   (24X)|
|ANA M    |A6|****0| 7|AND Accumulator and Memory|A=A&[HL]     |
|ANI n    |E6|**0*0| 7|AND Immediate             |A=A&n        |
|CALL a   |CD|-----|17|Call unconditional        |-[SP]=PC,PC=a|
|CC a     |DC|-----|11|Call on Carry             |If CY=1(17~s)|
|CM a     |FC|-----|11|Call on Minus             |If S=1 (17~s)|
|CMA      |2F|-----| 4|Complement Accumulator    |A=~A         |
|CMC      |3F|----*| 4|Complement Carry          |CY=~CY       |
|CMP r    |BF|*****| 4|Compare                   |A-r     (27X)|
|CMP M    |BF|*****| 7|Compare with Memory       |A-[HL]       |
|CNC a    |D4|-----|11|Call on No Carry          |If CY=0(17~s)|
|CNZ a    |C4|-----|11|Call on No Zero           |If Z=0 (17~s)|
|CP a     |F4|-----|11|Call on Plus              |If S=0 (17~s)|
|CPE a    |EC|-----|11|Call on Parity Even       |If P=1 (17~s)|
|CPI n    |FE|*****| 7|Compare Immediate         |A-n          |
|CPO a    |E4|-----|11|Call on Parity Odd        |If P=0 (17~s)|
|CZ a     |CC|-----|11|Call on Zero              |If Z=1 (17~s)|
|DAA      |27|*****| 4|Decimal Adjust Accumulator|A=BCD format |
|DAD B    |09|----*|10|Double Add BC to HL       |HL=HL+BC     |
|DAD D    |19|----*|10|Double Add DE to HL       |HL=HL+DE     |
|DAD H    |29|----*|10|Double Add HL to HL       |HL=HL+HL     |
|DAD SP   |39|----*|10|Double Add SP to HL       |HL=HL+SP     |
|DCR r    |3D|****-| 5|Decrement                 |r=r-1   (0X5)|
|DCR M    |35|****-|10|Decrement Memory          |[HL]=[HL]-1  |
|DCX B    |0B|-----| 5|Decrement BC              |BC=BC-1      |
|DCX D    |1B|-----| 5|Decrement DE              |DE=DE-1      |
|DCX H    |2B|-----| 5|Decrement HL              |HL=HL-1      |
|DCX SP   |3B|-----| 5|Decrement Stack Pointer   |SP=SP-1      |
|DI       |F3|-----| 4|Disable Interrupts        |             |
|EI       |FB|-----| 4|Enable Interrupts         |             |
|HLT      |76|-----| 7|Halt                      |             |
|IN p     |DB|-----|10|Input                     |A=[p]        |
|INR r    |3C|****-| 5|Increment                 |r=r+1   (0X4)|
|INR M    |3C|****-|10|Increment Memory          |[HL]=[HL]+1  |
|INX B    |03|-----| 5|Increment BC              |BC=BC+1      |
|INX D    |13|-----| 5|Increment DE              |DE=DE+1      |
|INX H    |23|-----| 5|Increment HL              |HL=HL+1      |
|INX SP   |33|-----| 5|Increment Stack Pointer   |SP=SP+1      |
|JMP a    |C3|-----|10|Jump unconditional        |PC=a         |
|JC a     |DA|-----|10|Jump on Carry             |If CY=1(10~s)|
|JM a     |FA|-----|10|Jump on Minus             |If S=1 (10~s)|
|JNC a    |D2|-----|10|Jump on No Carry          |If CY=0(10~s)|
|JNZ a    |C2|-----|10|Jump on No Zero           |If Z=0 (10~s)|
|JP a     |F2|-----|10|Jump on Plus              |If S=0 (10~s)|
|JPE a    |EA|-----|10|Jump on Parity Even       |If P=1 (10~s)|
|JPO a    |E2|-----|10|Jump on Parity Odd        |If P=0 (10~s)|
|JZ a     |CA|-----|10|Jump on Zero              |If Z=1 (10~s)|
|LDA a    |3A|-----|13|Load Accumulator direct   |A=[a]        |
|LDAX B   |0A|-----| 7|Load Accumulator indirect |A=[BC]       |
|LDAX D   |1A|-----| 7|Load Accumulator indirect |A=[DE]       |
|LHLD a   |2A|-----|16|Load HL Direct            |HL=[a]       |
|LXI B,nn |01|-----|10|Load Immediate BC         |BC=nn        |
|LXI D,nn |11|-----|10|Load Immediate DE         |DE=nn        |
|LXI H,nn |21|-----|10|Load Immediate HL         |HL=nn        |
|LXI SP,nn|31|-----|10|Load Immediate Stack Ptr  |SP=nn        |
|MOV r1,r2|7F|-----| 5|Move register to register |r1=r2   (1XX)|
|MOV M,r  |77|-----| 7|Move register to Memory   |[HL]=r  (16X)|
|MOV r,M  |7E|-----| 7|Move Memory to register   |r=[HL]  (1X6)|
|MVI r,n  |3E|-----| 7|Move Immediate            |r=n     (0X6)|
|MVI M,n  |36|-----|10|Move Immediate to Memory  |[HL]=n       |
|NOP      |00|-----| 4|No Operation              |             |
|ORA r    |B7|**0*0| 4|Inclusive OR Accumulator  |A=Avr   (26X)|
|ORA M    |B6|**0*0| 7|Inclusive OR Accumulator  |A=Av[HL]     |
|ORI n    |F6|**0*0| 7|Inclusive OR Immediate    |A=Avn        |
|OUT p    |D3|-----|10|Output                    |[p]=A        |
|PCHL     |E9|-----| 5|Jump HL indirect          |PC=[HL]      |
|POP B    |C1|-----|10|Pop BC                    |BC=[SP]+     |
|POP D    |D1|-----|10|Pop DE                    |DE=[SP]+     |
|POP H    |E1|-----|10|Pop HL                    |HL=[SP]+     |
|POP PSW  |F1|-----|10|Pop Processor Status Word |{PSW,A}=[SP]+|
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
|Mnemonic |Op|SZAPC|~s|Description               |Notes        |
|---------+--+-----+--+--------------------------+-------------|
|PUSH B   |C5|-----|11|Push BC                   |-[SP]=BC     |
|PUSH D   |D5|-----|11|Push DE                   |-[SP]=DE     |
|PUSH H   |E5|-----|11|Push HL                   |-[SP]=HL     |
|PUSH PSW |F5|-----|11|Push Processor Status Word|-[SP]={PSW,A}|
|RAL      |17|----*| 4|Rotate Accumulator Left   |A={CY,A}<-   |
|RAR      |1F|----*| 4|Rotate Accumulator Righ   |A=->{CY,A}   |
|RET      |C9|-----|10|Return                    |PC=[SP]+     |
|RC       |D8|-----| 5|Return on Carry           |If CY=1(11~s)|
|RM       |F8|-----| 5|Return on Minus           |If S=1 (11~s)|
|RNC      |D0|-----| 5|Return on No Carry        |If CY=0(11~s)|
|RNZ      |C0|-----| 5|Return on No Zero         |If Z=0 (11~s)|
|RP       |F0|-----| 5|Return on Plus            |If S=0 (11~s)|
|RPE      |E8|-----| 5|Return on Parity Even     |If P=1 (11~s)|
|RPO      |E0|-----| 5|Return on Parity Odd      |If P=0 (11~s)|
|RZ       |C8|-----| 5|Return on Zero            |If Z=1 (11~s)|
|RLC      |07|----*| 4|Rotate Left Circular      |A=A<-        |
|RRC      |0F|----*| 4|Rotate Right Circular     |A=->A        |
|RST z    |C7|-----|11|Restart              (3X7)|-[SP]=PC,PC=z|
|SBB r    |9F|*****| 4|Subtract with Borrow      |A=A-r-CY(23X)|
|SBB M    |9E|*****| 7|Subtract with Borrow      |A=A-[HL]-CY  |
|SBI n    |DE|*****| 7|Subtract with Borrow Immed|A=A-n-CY     |
|SHLD a   |22|-----|16|Store HL Direct           |[a]=HL       |
|SPHL     |F9|-----| 5|Move HL to SP             |SP=HL        |
|STA a    |32|-----|13|Store Accumulator         |[a]=A        |
|STAX B   |02|-----| 7|Store Accumulator indirect|[BC]=A       |
|STAX D   |12|-----| 7|Store Accumulator indirect|[DE]=A       |
|STC      |37|----1| 4|Set Carry                 |CY=1         |
|SUB r    |97|*****| 4|Subtract                  |A=A-r   (22X)|
|SUB M    |96|*****| 7|Subtract Memory           |A=A-[HL]     |
|SUI n    |D6|*****| 7|Subtract Immediate        |A=A-n        |
|XCHG     |EB|-----| 4|Exchange HL with DE       |HL<->DE      |
|XRA r    |AF|**0*0| 4|Exclusive OR Accumulator  |A=Axr   (25X)|
|XRA M    |AE|**0*0| 7|Exclusive OR Accumulator  |A=Ax[HL]     |
|XRI n    |EE|**0*0| 7|Exclusive OR Immediate    |A=Axn        |
|XTHL     |E3|-----|18|Exchange stack Top with HL|[SP]<->HL    |
|------------+-----+--+----------------------------------------|
| PSW        |-*01 |  |Flag unaffected/affected/reset/set      |
| S          |S    |  |Sign (Bit 7)                            |
| Z          | Z   |  |Zero (Bit 6)                            |
| AC         |  A  |  |Auxilary Carry (Bit 4)                  |
| P          |   P |  |Parity (Bit 2)                          |
| CY         |    C|  |Carry (Bit 0)                           |
|---------------------+----------------------------------------|
| a p                 |Direct addressing                       |
| M z                 |Register indirect addressing            |
| n nn                |Immediate addressing                    |
| r                   |Register addressing                     |
|---------------------+----------------------------------------|
|DB n(,n)             |Define Byte(s)                          |
|DB 'string'          |Define Byte ASCII character string      |
|DS nn                |Define Storage Block                    |
|DW nn(,nn)           |Define Word(s)                          |
|---------------------+----------------------------------------|
| A B C D E H L       |Registers (8-bit)                       |
| BC DE HL            |Register pairs (16-bit)                 |
| PC                  |Program Counter register (16-bit)       |
| PSW                 |Processor Status Word (8-bit)           |
| SP                  |Stack Pointer register (16-bit)         |
|---------------------+----------------------------------------|
| a                   |16-bit address quantity (0 to 65535)    |
| n                   |8-bit data quantity (0 to 255)          |
| nn                  |16-bit data quantity (0 to 65535)       |
| p                   |8-bit I/O port number (0 to 255)        |
| r                   |Register (X=B,C,D,E,H,L,M,A)            |
| z                   |Vector (X=0H,8H,10H,18H,20H,28H,30H,38H)|
|---------------------+----------------------------------------|
| +  -                |Arithmetic addition/subtraction         |
| &  ~                |Logical AND/NOT                         |
| v  x                |Logical inclusive/exclusive OR          |
| <-  ->              |Rotate left/right                       |
| <->                 |Exchange                                |
| [ ]                 |Indirect addressing                     |
| [ ]+  -[ ]          |Indirect addr. auto-increment/decrement |
| { }                 |Combination of operands                 |
| ( X )               |Octal op code where X is a 3-bit code   |
| If ( ~s)            |Number of cycles if condition true      |
----------------------------------------------------------------

```

</details>### CP/M

- [ CP/M Internals](https://obsolescence.wixsite.com/obsolescence/cpm-internals)
- [CPM 2.0 Interface Guide](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/22)

## Kits

- RC2014: [https://rc2014.co.uk/](https://rc2014.co.uk/)
- Z80-MBC2: [https://github.com/SuperFabius/Z80-MBC2](https://github.com/SuperFabius/Z80-MBC2)

# Libraries & coding resources

- [https://github.com/Zeda/Z80-Optimized-Routines](https://github.com/Zeda/Z80-Optimized-Routines) - Various routines
- [https://github.com/Zeda/z80float/tree/master](https://github.com/Zeda/z80float/tree/master) - Floating point implementation

# Z80 in the wild

- [TI-84 Plus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI-84_Plus_series) - graphing calculator made by Texas Instruments
- [ZX Spectrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum)
- [MSX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX)
- [Oberheim OB-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberheim_OB-8) - subtractive analog synthesizer

# RC2014 Pro Kit

[![RC2014 Pro.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/scaled-1680-/Ej0m1IovsKIB3Dqf-rc2014-pro.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/Ej0m1IovsKIB3Dqf-rc2014-pro.jpg)

- Site: [https://rc2014.co.uk/](https://rc2014.co.uk/)
- Official store (EU): [**https://z80kits.com/shop/rc2014-pro/**](https://z80kits.com/shop/rc2014-pro/)

> The RC2014 Pro CPM Kit is a modular computer with an 12 slot enhanced backplane. It has a Z80 CPU running at 7.3728MHz, 64k RAM, Microsoft BASIC and SCM on ROM, or CP/M 2.2 on Compact Flash and communicates over serial at 115,200bps via a Zilog SIO/2 UART. The backplane allows expansion modules such as official RC2014 Modules or a selection of 3rd party “Designed for RC2014″ modules. The design is simple, and the standard 0.1” pitch headers encourages building your own add-ons.

## Pro Backplane

- [https://rc2014.co.uk/backplanes/backplane-pro/](https://rc2014.co.uk/backplanes/backplane-pro/)

[![BackplanePro_Tindie.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/scaled-1680-/N3CM2gBiG7nHH8ak-backplanepro-tindie.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/N3CM2gBiG7nHH8ak-backplanepro-tindie.jpg)

```
1   RC2014 BACKPRO PCB	
1   2.1mm Power Jack	
12  40 Way SIL Socket	
5   20 Way SIL Socket	
12  100nf	
1   Tactile Switch	
1   2k2 Resistor	
1   3mm Green LED	
1   330r resistor	
1   Jumper	
1   USB Barrel Lead	
5   40x2 RA Header	
1   RA Toggle Switch	
1   2 Screw Terminal	
6   Rubber Foot	
1   2 pin RA Header
```

## [![RC2014 Pro Backplane.png](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/scaled-1680-/imWwjlEBHZiYtxPz-rc2014-pro-backplane.png)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/imWwjlEBHZiYtxPz-rc2014-pro-backplane.png)Dual Clock

- [https://rc2014.co.uk/modules/dual-clock-module/](https://rc2014.co.uk/modules/dual-clock-module/)

[![DualClock-5.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/scaled-1680-/Eqvp9B6A6mX0FFGB-dualclock-5.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/Eqvp9B6A6mX0FFGB-dualclock-5.jpg)

```
1	RC2014 DUAL CLOCK PCB
1	2x40 pin RA Header
5	14 pin narrow DIL socket
1	74HCT04
1	74HCT00
1	74LS393
1	74HCT74
1	74LS02
1	7.3728 Mhz Xtal
2	22pf ceramic cap
4	100nf
1	1M resitor
1	1k resistor
1	10K resistor
3	2K2 resistor
1	47uf 25v electrolytic
1	22uf 25v electrolytic
1	1N4148
1	RA Tactile Switch
5	10 pin header
1	8 Way SIL Socket
```

[![RC2014 Dual Clock.png](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/scaled-1680-/2Q9e8xBt5qULw2WC-rc2014-dual-clock.png)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/2Q9e8xBt5qULw2WC-rc2014-dual-clock.png)

## CPU

- [https://rc2014.co.uk/modules/z80-cpu-v2-1/](https://rc2014.co.uk/modules/z80-cpu-v2-1/)

[![DSCN2536.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/scaled-1680-/PTCWIwpvDT0xE3CQ-dscn2536.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/PTCWIwpvDT0xE3CQ-dscn2536.jpg)

```
1   Z80 CPU 2.1 PCB
1   2x40 pin DIL socket
1   Zilog Z80 CPU
1   40 pin RA Header
1   100nf
4   10k
```

[![Z80-CPU-Rev-1_3.png](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/scaled-1680-/xNOrlbnH3uq0qK50-z80-cpu-rev-1-3.png)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/xNOrlbnH3uq0qK50-z80-cpu-rev-1-3.png)

## Pageable ROM

- [https://rc2014.co.uk/modules/pageable-rom/](https://rc2014.co.uk/modules/pageable-rom/)

[![Pageable-ROM-Tindie-768x512.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/scaled-1680-/hdU5GTC14nEKPLGA-pageable-rom-tindie-768x512.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/hdU5GTC14nEKPLGA-pageable-rom-tindie-768x512.jpg)

```
1   RC2014 PAGEROM PCB
1   28 pin wide ZIF socket
1   2x40 pin RA Header
11  3 pin header
1   10 pin header
8   Jumper
1   16 pin narrow DIL socket
4   14 pin narrow DIL socket
5   100nf
1   74LS393
1   74HCT04
2   74LS32
1   74HCT138
5   10K resistor
```

[![Paged-ROM.png](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/scaled-1680-/M2z4iNsK2FxqhAsu-paged-rom.png)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/M2z4iNsK2FxqhAsu-paged-rom.png)

[![Pageable-ROM-Jumper-Settings-768x688.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/scaled-1680-/vnzrrEUcyBpFppa5-pageable-rom-jumper-settings-768x688.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/vnzrrEUcyBpFppa5-pageable-rom-jumper-settings-768x688.jpg)

## 64k RAM

- [https://rc2014.co.uk/modules/64k-ram/](https://rc2014.co.uk/modules/64k-ram/)

[![64kRAM-Photo-768x438.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/scaled-1680-/LOESzbFMdXjlGjtz-64kram-photo-768x438.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/LOESzbFMdXjlGjtz-64kram-photo-768x438.jpg)

> **CP/M**: The Page Pin from the ROM needs to be connected to the Page Pin on the RAM. If you have the Backplane Pro and have installed the double header pins supplied with that then nothing further needs to be done.

```
1   2x40 pin RA Header
2   28 pin wide DIL socket
3   14 pin narrow DIL socket
2   74LS32
1   74LS04
2   62256 RAM
3   100nf capacitors
4   3 pin header
4   jumper
```

[![64kRAM.png](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/scaled-1680-/Xw4UBH0rSzUi0hhp-64kram.png)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-01/Xw4UBH0rSzUi0hhp-64kram.png)

```
Jumper settings for the start address are as follows

0x0000  0x1000  0x2000  0x4000
0==     ==0     0==     ==0
0==     ==0     ==0     ==0
0==     ==0     ==0     0==
==0     ==0     ==0     ==0
```

## SIO/2 Serial Module

- [https://z80kits.com/shop/sio-2-serial-module/](https://z80kits.com/shop/sio-2-serial-module/)

[![SIO2_2.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-03/scaled-1680-/RYOKMjkHuOEXPaz1-sio2-2.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-03/RYOKMjkHuOEXPaz1-sio2-2.jpg)

```
1	RC2014 DUAL SERIAL PCB
1   40x2 RA Header
1	40 pin wide DIL socket
1	16 pin narrow DIL socket
1	14 pin narrow DIL socket
1	SIO/2
1	74HCT138
1	74HCT04
6	1k resistor
2	6 pin RA Header
3	2 pin RA Header
3	Jumper
```

[![SIO2.png](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-03/scaled-1680-/xLm13TKd3oXVGJ5v-sio2.png)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-03/xLm13TKd3oXVGJ5v-sio2.png)

## Compact Flash Module v2

- [https://z80kits.com/shop/compact-flash-module/](https://z80kits.com/shop/compact-flash-module/)

[![CompactFlash-v2-1.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-03/scaled-1680-/rMHHhvs8Ntc49Kjl-compactflash-v2-1.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-03/rMHHhvs8Ntc49Kjl-compactflash-v2-1.jpg)

```
1	RC2014 CFLASH PCB
1	Compact Flash Socket
1	40 pin RA Header
1	16 pin narrow DIL socket
2	14 pin narrow DIL socket
3	100nf
1	74HCT138
1   74HCT32
1   74HCT74
1	330R resistor
4	1K resistor
1	3mm Green LED
```

[![CompactFlash2.1Schematic.png](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-03/scaled-1680-/Q4bTUNRdIGXIzWgA-compactflash2-1schematic.png)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-03/Q4bTUNRdIGXIzWgA-compactflash2-1schematic.png)

## Configuration

[![jumpers1.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-04/scaled-1680-/rEo72JrR6Nl5BsHg-jumpers1.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-04/rEo72JrR6Nl5BsHg-jumpers1.jpg)

> All four jumers to right hand setting.  
> Top 3 jumpers set start address to 0x0000.  
> Bottom jumper sets lower 32k to be paged in or out from Pageable ROM board.
> 
> Note that the B option for BASIC will not work with this hardware set up. If you want to use BASIC from ROM set the A15 Page Selection jumper to 0. A better solution though is to download a copy of mbasic or BBC Basic to CP/M, which then allows you to use the compact flash card for storage

- [https://rc2014.co.uk/troubleshooting/simple-guide-to-getting-cp-m-running-on-rc2014/](https://rc2014.co.uk/troubleshooting/simple-guide-to-getting-cp-m-running-on-rc2014/)
- [RC2014-Pro-24886009-Jumper-Settings.pdf](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/12)

## Address space mapping  


### Memory  


<table id="bkmrk-range-function-0x000" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;height:88.4001px;"><colgroup><col style="width:50%;"></col><col style="width:50%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:29.4667px;"><td style="height:29.4667px;">**Range**  
</td><td style="height:29.4667px;">**Function**  
</td></tr><tr style="height:29.4667px;"><td style="height:29.4667px;">`0x0000` - `0x7FFF` (`32k`)  
</td><td style="height:29.4667px;">ROM / RAM - ROM is initially paged in and can be paged out  
</td></tr><tr style="height:29.4667px;"><td style="height:29.4667px;">`0x8000` - `0xFFFF` (`32k`)  
</td><td style="height:29.4667px;">RAM  
</td></tr></tbody></table>

### I/O

<table id="bkmrk-bit-pattern-%28a0-a8%29-" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;height:277.35px;"><colgroup><col style="width:30.735%;"></col><col style="width:17.1544%;"></col><col style="width:52.1781%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:29.4667px;"><td style="height:29.4667px;">**Range**  
</td><td style="height:29.4667px;">**Bit pattern (A0-A7)** </td><td style="height:29.4667px;">**Function**  
</td></tr><tr><td>`0x10` - `0x17`

</td><td>```
01234567
nnnLHLL*
```

</td><td>Compact Flash - low 3 bytes select register  
</td></tr><tr style="height:79.6px;"><td style="height:79.6px;">`0x30` - `0x37` (`0x30` / port 48)

</td><td style="height:79.6px;">```
01234567
***LHHL*
```

</td><td style="height:79.6px;">Page ROM in and RAM out - reset by IO to port 48  
</td></tr><tr style="height:79.6px;"><td style="height:79.6px;">`0x38` - `0x3F` (`0x38` / port 56)

</td><td style="height:79.6px;">```
01234567
***HHHL*
```

</td><td style="height:79.6px;">Page ROM / RAM in and out - toggle by IO to port 56  
</td></tr><tr><td style="height:29.3833px;">`0x80` - `0x87`

</td><td style="height:29.3833px;">```
01234567
nn*LLLLH
```

</td><td style="height:29.3833px;">SIO2 - bits 0 an 1 select ports C/D and B/A  
</td></tr><tr><td>`0x90` - `0x97`

</td><td> </td><td>Shadow: Compact Flash  
</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td style="height:29.5167px;">`0xB0` - `0xB7`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;"> </td><td style="height:29.5167px;">Shadow: Page out ROM  
</td></tr><tr style="height:29.7833px;"><td style="height:29.7833px;">`0xB8` - `0xBF`

</td><td style="height:29.7833px;">  
</td><td style="height:29.7833px;">Shadow: Page out ROM / RAM  
</td></tr></tbody></table>

# RC2014 USB UART

## Using supplied UART

```
[   43.140568] usb 3-2: new full-speed USB device number 4 using xhci_hcd
[   43.281499] usb 3-2: New USB device found, idVendor=3171, idProduct=0034, bcdDevice= 2.10
[   43.281508] usb 3-2: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[   43.281510] usb 3-2: Product: USB to UART Adaptor (5v)
[   43.281513] usb 3-2: Manufacturer: 8086 Consultancy
[   43.281514] usb 3-2: SerialNumber: 0948
[   43.287686] user.info: Apr 20 13:37:03 mtp-probe: checking bus 3, device 4: "/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb3/3-2"
[   43.287966] user.info: Apr 20 13:37:03 mtp-probe: bus: 3, device: 4 was not an MTP device
[   43.302148] cdc_acm 3-2:1.0: ttyACM0: USB ACM device
[   43.302175] usbcore: registered new interface driver cdc_acm
[   43.302177] cdc_acm: USB Abstract Control Model driver for USB modems and ISDN adapters
[   43.302361] usbhid 3-2:1.2: couldn't find an input interrupt endpoint
[   43.302404] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
[   43.302407] usbhid: USB HID core driver
```

Module: `cdc_acm` (not available on Alpine/PostmarketOS)

Pins on I/O board:

1. `GND`
2. `!CTS`
3. `5V`
4. `TX`
5. `RX`
6. `!RTS`

Connect: `sudo tio /dev/ttyACM0`

Consider adding your user to `dialout` group for sudo-less access: `sudo usermod -aG dialout $USER`.

## Sending files with A:DOWNLOAD.COM

Use delay on sending data with `tio /dev/ttyACM0 -o 1` (if it gets stuck try higher number than 1, but upload take more time).

The `btc` program can be compiled to create encoded data for upload: [https://github.com/RC2014Z80/RC2014/tree/master/CPM/File%20Uploader](https://github.com/RC2014Z80/RC2014/tree/master/CPM/File%20Uploader).

Paste it's output to the terminal. It will start `A:DOWNLOAD <file name>` command and rest of the data will be interpreted by it. If all goes well it prints `OK`.

There is also `UPLOAD.COM` program that can be sent to the device to encode local files the same way: [https://github.com/RC2014Z80/RC2014/tree/master/CPM/UPLOAD.COM](https://github.com/RC2014Z80/RC2014/tree/master/CPM/UPLOAD.COM).

The `UPLOAD.PKG` file is already encoded so you can just paste it to the terminal.

### Sending longer files

Use tio to boot and navigate to target drive.

Then use `CTRL-T` followed by `Q` to quit tio.

Pipe btc output to tio:

```
btc <file> | tio /dev/ttyACM0 -o 1
```

# Using CP/M

## CP/M Quick Reference 

### Control key commands

<table id="bkmrk-ctrl-%2B-c-restarts-cp" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0px;border-spacing:0px;height:543.6px;border-style:solid;"><colgroup><col style="width:39.8559%;"></col><col style="width:60.1515%;"></col></colgroup> <colgroup></colgroup> <colgroup></colgroup> <colgroup></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:37.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="height:37.7833px;padding:10px;border-width:0px;width:27.5%;">`CTRL + C`</td><td style="padding:10px;height:37.7833px;border-width:0px;width:72.5%;">Restarts CP/M by initiating a warm start</td></tr><tr style="height:54.1833px;"><td class="align-right" style="height:54.1833px;padding:10px;border-width:0px;width:27.5%;">`CTRL + E`</td><td style="padding:10px;height:54.1833px;border-width:0px;width:72.5%;">Forces the cursor to the next line of the screen for continued command line input.</td></tr><tr style="height:37.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="height:37.7833px;padding:10px;border-width:0px;width:27.5%;">`CTRL + H`</td><td style="padding:10px;height:37.7833px;border-width:0px;width:72.5%;">Moves the cursor one space to the left in the same manner as the BS key.</td></tr><tr style="height:37.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="height:37.7833px;padding:10px;border-width:0px;width:27.5%;">`CTRL + I`</td><td style="padding:10px;height:37.7833px;border-width:0px;width:72.5%;">Inputs a tab code (same as the TAB key)</td></tr><tr style="height:121.383px;"><td class="align-right" style="height:121.383px;padding:10px;border-width:0px;width:27.5%;">`CTRL + P`</td><td style="padding:10px;height:121.383px;border-width:0px;width:72.5%;">Turns on or off the printer echo function. When the printer echo function is turned on, data displayed on the LCD screen is output to the printer (or other device assigned to LST:) each time the RETURN key is pressed. The printer echo function is turned on by pressing CTRL + P once and is turned off when CTRL + P is pressed a second time. (Make sure the printer is connected properly before using this command.)  
</td></tr><tr style="height:37.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="height:37.7833px;padding:10px;border-width:0px;width:27.5%;">`CTRL + R`</td><td style="padding:10px;height:37.7833px;border-width:0px;width:72.5%;">Redisplays the contents of the current command line.</td></tr><tr style="height:54.2667px;"><td class="align-right" style="height:54.2667px;padding:10px;border-width:0px;width:27.5%;">`CTRL + S`</td><td style="padding:10px;height:54.2667px;border-width:0px;width:72.5%;">Momentarily stops processing currently being performed (same as the PAUSE key). Processing can be resumed by inputting this command again.</td></tr><tr style="height:54.2667px;"><td class="align-right" style="height:54.2667px;padding:10px;border-width:0px;width:27.5%;">`CTRL + U`</td><td style="padding:10px;height:54.2667px;border-width:0px;width:72.5%;">Cancels the current command line and moves the cursor to the next line on the screen for input of a different command.</td></tr><tr style="height:54.1833px;"><td class="align-right" style="height:54.1833px;padding:10px;border-width:0px;width:27.5%;">`CTRL + X`</td><td style="padding:10px;height:54.1833px;border-width:0px;width:72.5%;">Erases the current command line and moves the cursor back to the beginning of the line.</td></tr><tr style="height:54.1833px;"><td class="align-right" style="height:54.1833px;padding:10px;border-width:0px;width:27.5%;">`CTRL + Z`</td><td style="padding:10px;height:54.1833px;border-width:0px;width:72.5%;">Terminates input from the keyboard (used in combination with certain CP/M transient commands).</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Commands

<p class="callout info">`d:` - A drive letter  
`filematch` - an exact filename, or a wildcard match for files.  
Items such as `[item]` are optional, ones such as `<item>` are compulsory.</p>

`DIR [d:][filematch]`  
Display a list of files in the specified, or current drive.

`ERA [d:]<filematch>`  
Erase specified files. filematch \*.\* can be used to match all files in the current drive.

`REN [d:]newname.ext = oldname.ext`  
Change the name of a disk file from oldname.ext to newname.ext

`SAVE n [d:]filename.ext`  
Save the specified n number of pages of the transient program area to disk under the specified file name.

`TYPE [d:]filename.ext`  
Display the contents of the specified file on the display screen. Display is only meaningful if the file contents was ASCII text.

`USER n`  
Switches to the specified user area in a disk drive.  
A user area is a physical area on a disk which has its own directory and which is managed separately from the rest of the disk. Data cannot be read from or written to any user area other than that in which CP/M is currently operating. A disk can be divided up into a maximum of 16 user areas.

#### PIP

Copy `FOO.TXT` to console (print).

```
C:PIP CON:=A:FOO.TXT
```

Write to file from terminal (`CTRL-Z` to `EOF`, `CTRL-M+J` for new line):

```
C:PIP FOO.TXT=CON:
```

Copy file from current drive to `A`:

```
C:PIP A:UPLOAD.COM=UPLOAD.COM
```

#### ED

- http://www.gaby.de/cpm/manuals/archive/cpm22htm/ch2.htm

##### Commands mode  


<table id="bkmrk-%23a-load-all-lines-fr" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;height:446.25px;border-width:0px;"><colgroup><col style="width:25.5142%;"></col><col style="width:74.5362%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:45.8667px;"><td style="height:45.8667px;border-width:0px;">`#a`  
</td><td style="height:45.8667px;border-width:0px;">load all lines from file (given as arg to the command) to memory</td></tr><tr style="height:62.8px;"><td style="height:62.8px;border-width:0px;">`10a`  
</td><td style="height:62.8px;border-width:0px;">load 10 lines from file  
</td></tr><tr style="height:62.8px;"><td style="height:62.8px;border-width:0px;">`b#t`  
</td><td style="height:62.8px;border-width:0px;">go to beginning, print all lines</td></tr><tr style="height:29.4667px;"><td style="height:29.4667px;border-width:0px;">`b`  
</td><td style="height:29.4667px;border-width:0px;">go to beginning  
</td></tr><tr style="height:96.4px;"><td style="height:96.4px;border-width:0px;">*`n`* or `-<em>n</em>`  
</td><td style="height:96.4px;border-width:0px;">move *n* lines ahead/behind and print</td></tr><tr style="height:29.7833px;"><td style="height:29.7833px;border-width:0px;">`t`  
</td><td style="height:29.7833px;border-width:0px;">print current line</td></tr><tr style="height:29.7833px;"><td style="height:29.7833px;border-width:0px;">`k`  
</td><td style="height:29.7833px;border-width:0px;">kill current line</td></tr><tr style="height:29.7833px;"><td style="height:29.7833px;border-width:0px;">`i`  
</td><td style="height:29.7833px;border-width:0px;">insert before current line</td></tr><tr style="height:29.7833px;"><td style="height:29.7833px;border-width:0px;">`e`  
</td><td style="height:29.7833px;border-width:0px;">save and exit</td></tr><tr style="height:29.7833px;"><td style="height:29.7833px;border-width:0px;">`o`  
</td><td style="height:29.7833px;border-width:0px;">discard changes  
</td></tr></tbody></table>

##### In insert mode

<table id="bkmrk-ctrl-%2B-h-backspace-o" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;border-width:0px;"><colgroup><col style="width:34.5759%;"></col><col style="width:65.4744%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-width:0px;">`CTRL + H`  
</td><td style="border-width:0px;">backspace one char</td></tr><tr><td style="border-width:0px;">`CTRL + Z`</td><td style="border-width:0px;">exit insert mode</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### ASM

- [http://www.gaby.de/cpm/manuals/archive/cpm22htm/ch3.htm#Section\_3.6](http://www.gaby.de/cpm/manuals/archive/cpm22htm/ch3.htm#Section_3.6)

Compile and run `example` program:

```
c:asm example
c:load example
example
```

Show compiled program listing:

```
type example.prn
```

##### Compiler output line markers

<table id="bkmrk-s-syntax-error-l-bad" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;height:145.383px;border-width:0px;"><colgroup><col style="width:17.1162%;"></col><col style="width:82.9398%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:29.1167px;"><td style="height:29.1167px;border-width:0px;">`S`  
</td><td style="height:29.1167px;border-width:0px;">syntax error</td></tr><tr style="height:29.4667px;"><td style="height:29.4667px;border-width:0px;">`L`  
</td><td style="height:29.4667px;border-width:0px;">bad label

</td></tr><tr style="height:28.9333px;"><td style="border-width:0px;height:28.9333px;">`E`  
</td><td style="border-width:0px;height:28.9333px;">bad expression

</td></tr><tr style="height:28.9333px;"><td style="border-width:0px;height:28.9333px;">`R`  
</td><td style="border-width:0px;height:28.9333px;">bad register

</td></tr><tr style="height:28.9333px;"><td style="border-width:0px;height:28.9333px;">`Y`  
</td><td style="border-width:0px;height:28.9333px;">bad value

</td></tr></tbody></table>

## API

- [https://www.seasip.info/Cpm/bdos.html](https://www.seasip.info/Cpm/bdos.html)
- [https://obsolescence.wixsite.com/obsolescence/cpm-internals](https://obsolescence.wixsite.com/obsolescence/cpm-internals)
- [http://www.gaby.de/cpm/manuals/archive/cpm22htm/ch5.htm](http://www.gaby.de/cpm/manuals/archive/cpm22htm/ch5.htm)

Entry point: `05h` (`CALL 05h`).

### Memory map

[![cpm-memmap.gif](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-10/9ccwKynSuvVOpJLT-cpm-memmap.gif)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-10/9ccwKynSuvVOpJLT-cpm-memmap.gif)

[![cpm-lowstorage.gif](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-10/3OVsmkkZ8bd2zPpm-cpm-lowstorage.gif)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-10/3OVsmkkZ8bd2zPpm-cpm-lowstorage.gif)

#### File Control Block

[![cpm-file_control_block.gif](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-10/vA4ZzXkaFhsHv6ps-cpm-file-control-block.gif)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-10/vA4ZzXkaFhsHv6ps-cpm-file-control-block.gif)

FCB start: `5Ch` (not `60h` as in the picture).

<table id="bkmrk-field-definition-dr-" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><th style="width:9.17358%;">**Address**</th><th style="width:9.05445%;">**Field**</th><th style="width:81.7283%;">**Definition**</th></tr><tr><td style="width:9.17358%;">`FCB+00h`</td><td style="width:9.05445%;">dr</td><td style="width:81.7283%;">drive code (0-16)  
0 = use default drive for file  
1 = auto disk select drive A,  
2 = auto disk select drive B,  
 ...  
16 = auto disk select drive P.</td></tr><tr><td style="width:9.17358%;">`FCB+01h`</td><td style="width:9.05445%;">f1...f8</td><td style="width:81.7283%;">contain the filename in ASCII upper-case, with high bit = 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:9.17358%;">`FCB+09h`</td><td style="width:9.05445%;">t1,t2,t3</td><td style="width:81.7283%;">contain the filetype in ASCII upper-case, with high bit = 0. t1', t2', and t3' denote the bit of these positions,  
t1' = 1 = Read-Only file,  
t2' = 1 = SYS file, no DIR list</td></tr><tr><td style="width:9.17358%;">`FCB+0Ch`</td><td style="width:9.05445%;">ex</td><td style="width:81.7283%;">contains the current extent number, normally set to 00 by the user, but in range 0-31 during file I/O</td></tr><tr><td style="width:9.17358%;">`FCB+0Dh`</td><td style="width:9.05445%;">s1</td><td style="width:81.7283%;">reserved for internal system use</td></tr><tr><td style="width:9.17358%;">`FCB+0Eh`</td><td style="width:9.05445%;">s2</td><td style="width:81.7283%;">reserved for internal system use, set to zero on call to [OPEN](http://www.gaby.de/cpm/manuals/archive/cpm22htm/ch5.htm#Function_15), [MAKE](http://www.gaby.de/cpm/manuals/archive/cpm22htm/ch5.htm#Function_22), [SEARCH](http://www.gaby.de/cpm/manuals/archive/cpm22htm/ch5.htm#Function_18)</td></tr><tr><td style="width:9.17358%;">`FCB+0Fh`</td><td style="width:9.05445%;">rc</td><td style="width:81.7283%;">record count for extent ex; takes on values from 0-127; Set this to 0 when opening a file</td></tr><tr><td style="width:9.17358%;">`FCB+10h`</td><td style="width:9.05445%;">d0...dn</td><td style="width:81.7283%;">filled in by CP/M; reserved for system use</td></tr><tr><td style="width:9.17358%;">`FCB+20h`</td><td style="width:9.05445%;">cr</td><td style="width:81.7283%;">current record to read or write in a sequential file operation; normally set to zero by user after opening file</td></tr><tr><td style="width:9.17358%;">`FCB+21h`</td><td style="width:9.05445%;">r0,r1,r2</td><td style="width:81.7283%;">optional random record number in the range 0- 65535, with overflow to r2, r0, r1 constitute a 16-bit value with low byte r0, and high byte r1</td></tr></tbody></table>

File Buffer start: `80h` (128 bytes long).

#### Notes

- When running command in CP/M with file path as first argument the drive number and file name are set in default FCB automatically before program runs.
- When two arguments are given another drive number and file name are set starting from absolute `6Ch`. It will be overwritten by file operations.
- If no arguments are given the FCB file name is all blank/space characters (` `)
- Command line arguments are also available from `80h` (File Buffer).

#### Useful constants:

```
FCB       EQU  5Ch     ; File Control Block
FCBFNAME  EQU  FCB+01h ; FCB File Name
FCBEX     EQU  FCB+0Ch ; FCB Excent Number
FCBRC     EQU  FCB+0Fh ; FCB Record Count
FCBCR     EQU  FCB+20h ; FCB Current Record
FB        EQU  80h     ; File Buffer
```

### CP/M procedures

<table id="bkmrk-functionnumber-funct"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">**Function**  
**Number**</th><th rowspan="2">**Function**  
**Name**</th><th rowspan="2">**Input**</th><th rowspan="2">**Output**</th></tr><tr><th>**Dec**</th><th>**Hex**</th></tr><tr><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>System Reset</td><td>none</td><td>none</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>Console Input</td><td>none</td><td>A = ASCII char</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>Console Output</td><td>E = char</td><td>none</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>Reader Input</td><td>none</td><td>A = ASCII char</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>Punch Output</td><td>E = char</td><td>none</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>List Output</td><td>E = char</td><td>none</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">6</td><td rowspan="3">6</td><td rowspan="3">Direct Console I/O</td><td>E = 0FFH (input)</td><td>A = char</td></tr><tr><td>E = 0FEH (status)</td><td>A = status</td></tr><tr><td>E = char</td><td>none</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>7</td><td>Get I/O Byte</td><td>none</td><td>A = I/O byte value</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>8</td><td>Set I/O Byte</td><td>E = I/O byte</td><td>none</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>9</td><td>Print String</td><td>DE = Buffer Address</td><td>none</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>A</td><td>Read Console String</td><td>DE = Buffer</td><td>Console characters in Buffer</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>B</td><td>Get Console Status</td><td>none</td><td>A = 00/non zero</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>C</td><td>Return Version #</td><td>none</td><td>HL = Version #</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>D</td><td>Reset Disk System</td><td>none</td><td>none</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>E</td><td>Select Disk</td><td>E = Disk #</td><td>none</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>F</td><td>Open File</td><td>DE = FCB address</td><td>A = FF if not found</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>10</td><td>Close File</td><td>DE = FCB address</td><td>A = FF if not found</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>11</td><td>Search For First</td><td>DE = FCB address</td><td>A = Directory Code</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>12</td><td>Search For Next</td><td>none</td><td>A = Directory Code</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>13</td><td>Delete File</td><td>DE = FCB address</td><td>A = none</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>14</td><td>Read Sequential</td><td>DE = FCB address</td><td>A = Error Code</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>15</td><td>Write Sequential</td><td>DE = FCB Address</td><td>A = Error Code</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>16</td><td>Make File</td><td>DE = FCB address</td><td>A = FF if no DIR Space</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>17</td><td>Rename File</td><td>DE = FCB address</td><td>A = FF if not found</td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>18</td><td>Return Login Vector</td><td>none</td><td>HL = Login Vector\*</td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>19</td><td>Return Current Disk</td><td>none</td><td>A = Current Disk Number</td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>1A</td><td>Set DMA Address</td><td>DE = DMA address</td><td>none</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>1B</td><td>Get ADDR (ALLOC)</td><td>none</td><td>HL = ALLOC address\*</td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>1C</td><td>Write Protect Disk</td><td>none</td><td>none</td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td>1D</td><td>Get Read/only Vector</td><td>none</td><td>HL = ALLOC address\*</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>1E</td><td>Set File Attributes</td><td>DE = FCB address</td><td>A = none</td></tr><tr><td>31</td><td>1F</td><td>Get ADDR (Disk Parms)</td><td>none</td><td>HL = DPB address</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">32</td><td rowspan="2">20</td><td rowspan="2">Set/Get User Code</td><td>E = 0FFH for Get</td><td>A = User Number</td></tr><tr><td>E = 00 to 0FH for Set</td><td>none</td></tr><tr><td>33</td><td>21</td><td>Read Random</td><td>DE = FCB address</td><td>A = Error</td></tr><tr><td>34</td><td>22</td><td>Write Random</td><td>DE = FCB address</td><td>A = Error Code</td></tr><tr><td>35</td><td>23</td><td>Compute File Size</td><td>DE = FCB address</td><td>r0, r1, r2</td></tr><tr><td>36</td><td>24</td><td>Set Random Record</td><td>DE = FCB address</td><td>r0, r1, r2</td></tr><tr><td>37</td><td>25</td><td>Reset Drive</td><td>DE = Drive Vector</td><td>A = 0</td></tr><tr><td>38</td><td>26</td><td>Access Drive</td><td colspan="2">not supported</td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td>27</td><td>Free Drive</td><td colspan="2">not supported</td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>28</td><td>Write Random w/Fill</td><td>DE = FCB</td><td>A = error code</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Reading file

Given file name in the arguments one can first check if argument was given by checking for space character in `FCBFNAME` (`FBC + 01h`).

If file name is filled we can open the file:

```
     XOR  A
     LD   (FCBEX),A   ; select 0'th extent
     LD   (FCBRC),A   ; clear
     LD   (FCBCR),A   ; clear
     LD   C,FOPE      ; open file
     LD   DE,FCB      ; use default FCB
     CALL BDOS
```

Set *EX*, *RC* and *CR* to `0` and call File Open (`0Fh`). *A* will contain `FFh` if file was not found.

Next file can be read:

```
     XOR  A
     LD   (FCBCR),A ; start from beginning
     LD   C,FRED    ; read file
     LD   DE,FCB    ; use default FCB
     CALL BDOS
```

Set *CR* to `0` to start reading from beginning of the file and call Read Sequential (`14h`). *A* is set to `0` if read was successful.

128 bytes was read to *FB* (starting at `80h`). *CR* (and *EX*) will be automatically incremented, so calling Read Sequential again will read next 128 byte of the file to *FB*.

# Software

# Linux tools

## cpmtools

Disk format definitions: `/usr/share/diskdefs`.

List files in image: `cpmls -f z80mbc2-d0 rc2014_cf.img`

Copy all files from image: `cpmcp -f z80mbc2-d0 rc2014_cf.img '0:*.*' /tmp/1`

Additional entries for `/usr/share/diskdefs`:

```
## Extras for Z80-MBC2
# Z20-MBC DISK 0 (TWO RESERVED TRACK FOR CP/M)
diskdef z80mbc-d0
  seclen 128
  tracks 32
  sectrk 32
  blocksize 1024
  maxdir 64
  skew 0
  boottrk 2
  os 2.2
end

# Z20-MBC DISK 1
diskdef z80mbc-d1
  seclen 128
  tracks 32
  sectrk 32
  blocksize 1024
  maxdir 64
  skew 0
  boottrk 0
  os 2.2
end

# Z20-MBC2 CP/M 2.2 DISK 0 ONLY (ONE RESERVED TRACK FOR CP/M 2.2)
diskdef z80mbc2-d0
  seclen 512
  tracks 512
  sectrk 32
  blocksize 4096
  maxdir 512
  skew 0
  boottrk 1
  os 2.2
end

# Z20-MBC2 CP/M 2.2 DISK 1-15
diskdef z80mbc2-d1
  seclen 512
  tracks 512
  sectrk 32
  blocksize 4096
  maxdir 512
  skew 0
  boottrk 0
  os 2.2
end

# Z20-MBC2 CP/M 3 (DISK 0-15)
diskdef z80mbc2-cpm3
  seclen 512
  tracks 512
  sectrk 32
  blocksize 4096
  maxdir 512
  skew 0
  boottrk 1
  os 3
end
```

# CP/M Software archives

- [http://www.cpm.z80.de/binary.html](http://www.cpm.z80.de/binary.html)
- [http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/index.html](http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/index.html)
- [http://www.floppysoftware.es/cpm\_projects.html?path=cpm\_projects](http://www.floppysoftware.es/cpm_projects.html?path=cpm_projects)

# ZDE16 - programmers editor

- Installation: [https://techtinkering.com/2008/10/21/installing-zde-1-6-a-programmers-editor-for-cpm/](https://techtinkering.com/2008/10/21/installing-zde-1-6-a-programmers-editor-for-cpm/)

Configure COM file:

```
f:zdenst16 zde16
```

## Keys

<table border="1" class="neatTable" id="bkmrk-esc-h-bring-up-the-c" style="width: 100%; height: 357.4px; border-collapse: collapse; border-width: 0px;"><tbody><tr style="height: 29.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="width: 36.8518%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">`ESC h`</td><td style="width: 62.9436%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">Bring up the command key help</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="width: 36.8518%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">`CTRL+BS`  
</td><td style="width: 62.9436%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">Delete char to left  
</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="width: 36.8518%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">`CTRL+k q` / `ESC q`</td><td style="width: 62.9436%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">Quit editor without saving</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="width: 36.8518%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">`CTRL+k x` / `ESC x`</td><td style="width: 62.9436%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">Exist and Save</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="width: 36.8518%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">`CTRL+k l` / `ESC l`</td><td style="width: 62.9436%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">Load a new file</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="width: 36.8518%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">`CTRL+k s` / `ESC s`</td><td style="width: 62.9436%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">Save the current file</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="width: 36.8518%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">`CTRL+r`</td><td style="width: 62.9436%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">Page up</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="width: 36.8518%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">`CTRL+c`</td><td style="width: 62.9436%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">Page down</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="width: 36.8518%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">`CTRL+e` / `cursor`</td><td style="width: 62.9436%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">Line up</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="width: 36.8518%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">`CTRL+x` / `cursor`</td><td style="width: 62.9436%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">Line down</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="width: 36.8518%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">`CTRL+s` / `cursor`</td><td style="width: 62.9436%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">Cursor left</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="width: 36.8518%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">`CTRL+d` / `cursor`</td><td style="width: 62.9436%; height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">Cursor right</td></tr></tbody></table>

# PMext - archives

List files in archive:

```
p:pmext <file.pma>
```

Extract to drive:

```
p:pmext <file.pma> <drive>:
```

# MS Basic

## Basic files

Use `unix2dos` to convert line end to DOS compatible before uploading if file was created on UNIX.

## Commands

<table border="1" id="bkmrk-list-print-program-s" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 117.867px; border-width: 0px;"><colgroup><col style="width: 16.1111%;"></col><col style="width: 83.9683%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 29.4667px;"><td style="height: 29.4667px; border-width: 0px;">`list`  
</td><td style="height: 29.4667px; border-width: 0px;">Print program  
</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.4667px;"><td style="height: 29.4667px; border-width: 0px;">`system`  
</td><td style="height: 29.4667px; border-width: 0px;">Exit to CP/M  
</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.4667px;"><td style="height: 29.4667px; border-width: 0px;">`load "file"`  
</td><td style="height: 29.4667px; border-width: 0px;">Load program from file  
</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.4667px;"><td style="height: 29.4667px; border-width: 0px;">`print "hello"`  
</td><td style="height: 29.4667px; border-width: 0px;">Print string  
</td></tr></tbody></table>

# MACRO-80 Assembler

- Manual: [M80 Assembler.pdf](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/38)
- Linker: [Microsoft L80 Linker.pdf](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/39)

## Compiling

### Using prompt

Run with `M80`; prompts for file names in format:

```
[[out-dev:]out-file[.ext]][,[lit-dev:]list-file[.ext]]=[in-dev:]in-file[.ext][/options]
```

Try `=example` to compile `example.mac` file. Use `CTRL+C` to exit to CP/M.

### Using arguments

For example compile Z80 assembly `hello.mac`:

```
D:m80 =hello.mac/Z
```

Compile printing listing:

```
D:M80 ,TTY:=hello/Z
```

Compile and save listing to `.PRN` file:

```
D:M80 =hello/L
```

### Errors

<table border="1" id="bkmrk-a-argument-error" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 116.933px; border-width: 0px;"><colgroup><col style="width: 50.0397%;"></col><col style="width: 50.0397%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 29.7833px;"><td class="align-right" style="height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">`A`</td><td style="height: 29.7833px; border-width: 0px;">Argument error</td></tr><tr style="height: 29.4667px;"><td class="align-right" style="height: 29.4667px; border-width: 0px;">`C`  
</td><td style="height: 29.4667px; border-width: 0px;">Undefined symbol</td></tr><tr style="height: 28.8833px;"><td class="align-right" style="border-width: 0px; height: 28.8833px;">`N`  
</td><td style="border-width: 0px; height: 28.8833px;">Number error</td></tr><tr style="height: 28.8px;"><td class="align-right" style="border-width: 0px; height: 28.8px;">`U`</td><td style="border-width: 0px; height: 28.8px;">Undefined; Note: `B0h` gives `U`, try `0B0h` instead</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Linker

Link and create `.COM` file:

```
D:L80 HELLO,HELLO/N/E
```

# Z80ASM - Z80 Relocating Macro Assembler

- Documentation: [Z80ASM.PDF](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/43)

Compiling `.Z80` assembly file to `.COM` file:

```
d:z80asm <file>/f
```

# FORTH-83 version 2.0 for CP/M-80

- Repository: [https://github.com/janaite/forth83-80](https://github.com/janaite/forth83-80)
- Manual: [F83-20.MAN](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/45) (from [http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/cdrom/CPM/FORTH-83/](http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/cdrom/CPM/FORTH-83/))

Copy `f83.com` to your system and run it.

Words:

- `BYE` - exit to CP/M
- `WORDS` - list words
- `SEE` word - see word definition
- `VIEW` word - find word in source code files
- `.s` - show stack
- `.` - delete top stack item

# ZASMB - A Zilog mnemonic assembler

- Documentation: [ZASMB Documentation.pdf](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/44)

Compiles `.Z80` to `.COM` file:

```
D:zasm <file>
```

# CamelForth

# Resources

- [CamelForth Z80](https://www.camelforth.com/page.php?5)
- On RC2014 Picasso (Minit II) ROM it is available in 8 KiB Bank 8 (JP: `0001`).
- [Port of Brad Rodriguez' Z80 CamelForth to the RC2014](https://github.com/juzzas/camelforth-z80-bootrom)
- [Forth Tutorials](https://www.forth.org/tutorials.html)
  - [Forth_Primer](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/90)
  - [Fig FORTH glossary](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/114)

# Forth overview

* Some Fort implementations like `gforth` are case-insensitive, CamelForth is case-sensitive.
* There are two operation modes:
  1. Interpreted - what you type in the console is executed every time enter is pressed,
  2. Compiled - each word is compiled into binary representation (its address) that can be executed later; some language constructs that require dictionary storage to work can only be used in compiled mode when we are defining contents of a word.
* There are two main stacks consisting of cells (16bit in case of CamelForth):
  1. Value/parameter stack - where various type of data values and word addresses are stored and processed by words,
  2. Return stack - where return address is stored for each word call; it is also used to store flow control data (like iterators and conditions) and can be used by words for temporary cell storage (`>R` and `R>`).
* The interpreter treats any number as literal to be put on stack and any word as call to a word - these are space separated.
* There are special cases for words that switch into compiled mode (`:`, `CREATE`) that take a word as argument following it; also `'` to get address of the word without calling its action - word address on stack can be executed with `EXECUTE`.
* Each word consist of a link to previously defined word, name, parameter field (data storage area) and code filed (action to call on storage area address):
  * Words can be created and are registered in program memory under a given name using `CREATE` or `:`.
  * When word name is called its parameter filed address is placed on the stack and associated action code is jumped to.
  * When using `CREATE` data can be stored under address of word using `!`, a buffer of cells or bytes can be allocated using `ALLOT`. `,` can be used to append cells to last created word.
  * Action code can be appended to word using `:` or `CREATE` and appending `DOES>`.

## Comments

* **[not supported in CamelForth]** `\` (_back slash_) comment to the end of line.
* `(` and `)` to comment inline.

## Stack manipulation

```
1 2 3      ( put 1 2 and 3 on stack )
.          ( pip from stack and dispaly )
.S         ( show stack (gfort) )
2 DUP      ( duplicate: 2 2 )
1 2 SWAP   ( swap 2 items: 2 1 )
1 2 OVER   ( copy secondmost item to top: 1 2 1 )
1 2 DROP   ( drop top item: 1 )
1 2 3 ROT  ( move thirdmost item to top: 2 3 1 )
1 2 NIP    ( drop secondmost: 2 )
1 2 TUCK   ( dup top before secondmost: 2 1 2  )
```

## Return stack

Word calls put address in return stack and `;` is compiled as `EXIT` that pops it and jump to it. It is also used by loops to keep track of condition variables and iterators and value for `I`.

* `>R` pops data stack value on return stack.
* `R>` pops return stack value to data stack.
* `R@` duplicates returns stack value to data stack.

These can be used to temporary store values on return stack but it has to be balanced and may mess with `I` and loop data if used inside loops.

Note that these only work in compiled context.

## Arithmetic

```
1 2 3 4 + - * ( 3+4=7, 2-7=-5, 1*-5=-5 )
```

Note that CamelForth `.S` displays signed integers, `.` will print correct result.

## Defining words

```
: DUBL 2 * ; ( define DUBL word that puts 2 on stack and multiplies two stack items )
3 DUBL       ( now can be called like any other word: 6 )
```

## Printing strings

Strings are put on stack as pair of address and length.

```
: FOO S" Hello HxD"  ( record string on stack )
TYPE ;               ( print the string )
FOO
```

Note that in CamelForth `S"` can only be used in compiled context.

## Introspection

```
WORDS       ( list defined words )
```

## Variables

Variables are words, calling vairable puts its address on stack.

```
VARIABLE blah  ( define variable word )
42 blah !      ( store 42 in blah variable )
blah @         ( put value on stack )
blah ?         ( read and print variable )

5 CONSTANT five  ( declare constant )
five SPACES      ( print 5 spaces )
```

In Forth `ture` is `-1` and `false` is `0`. CamelForth does not have `TRUE` and `FALSE` words defined.

## Control flow

`IF` checks result on top of the stack (`-1` - true, `0` - false). `then` is end of if.

```
VARIABLE var
4 var !
: test var @ 5 >
IF ." Greater" CR
ELSE ." Less or equal" CR
THEN ;
test
```

* **[not supported in CamelForth]** `?DO` takes end and start value and `LOOP` calls next iteration or is end of loop.
* `DO` same as `?DO` but iterates at least once. `I` in context of iteration puts iteration count on the stack. `2 +loop` will step by 2 while `-1 +loop` will count down. `leave` breaks the loop.

```
: test 11 1 DO I . CR LOOP ;
test
```

```
: fib 0 1
BEGIN
DUP >R ROT DUP R> >      ( condition )
WHILE
ROT ROT DUP ROT + DUP .  ( body )
REPEAT
DROP DROP DROP ;         ( after loop has executed )
20 fib
```

```
: lcd
BEGIN
SWAP OVER MOD  ( body )
DUP 0=         ( condition )
UNTIL DROP . ;
27 21 lcd      ( 3 )
```

Infinite loop.

```
: test BEGIN ." Diamonds are forever" CR AGAIN ;
```

## Arrays

Access works by adding offset of size `cells` to base array address and then accessing via it like normal variable.

```
CREATE foo 16 CELLS ALLOT  ( creates array foo with 16 elements )
5 foo 2 CELLS + !          ( store 5 in index 2 )
4 foo !                    ( store 4 in index 1 )
foo 2 CELLS + @            ( put value at index 2 on stack )
foo @                      ( put value at index 1 on stack )
```

Constants are added with `,` word.

```
CREATE SIZES 18 , 21 , 24 , 27 , 30 , 255 ,
```

## Strings

Have two forms:

1. Address and length - consumed by `TYPE`,
2. Counted string - `ALLOC` allocated address where first byte is string length and rest is the string itself.

* `S"` creates string constant. It can be copied to an allocated buffer with `CMOVE`.
* `COUNT` can be used to get count from counted string.
* `CHAR+` or `CHARS` adds character(s) worth of bytes to address. 

```
: test S" hello bar" TYPE ;  ( puts address and length on stack and print it out )
```

```
CREATE foo 16 CHARS ALLOT  ( allocate 16 character long buffer )
: hello S" Hello World!" ; ( put "Hello World!" )
hello                      ( put address and length to "Hello World!" word )
foo !                      ( store string lenght in first byte - c-addr )
foo COUNT                  ( get the length and first byte address -c-addr c-addr u )
CMOVE                      ( copy string from contant to the buffer+1 )
foo COUNT TYPE             ( print counted string )
```

On CamelForth `foo COUNT` looks like it gives wrong address but if one prints it with `.` it shows negative
number that is actually 1 more than `foo` so it is correct.

Place constant string in variable buffer.

```
: PLACE TUCK ! COUNT CMOVE ;
CREATE bar 16 CHARS ALLOT
: hello S" Hello World!" ; ( put "Hello World!" )
hello bar PLACE            ( store "Hello World!" in bar )
bar COUNT
TYPE                       ( print "Hello World!" from counted string variable bar )
```

Note that CamelForth has non-standard `>COUNTED` that does what `PLACE` does.

## Pointers

```
: goodbye ." Goodbye" CR ;
: hello ." Hello" CR ;
VARIABLE a
: GREET a @ EXECUTE ;
' hello a !
GREET
' goodbye a !
GREET
```

* `'` puts address of following word on stack without executing it.
* `EXECUTE` execute word from address on stack.

## Meta words

```
: displaynumber CREATE , DOES> @ . ;
11 displaynumber anumber
anumber
```

* `CREATE` takes a name (as in `CREATE foo`), in this case `CREATE anumber`, and creates an empty word for that name.
* `,` appends to the created word (storage) a cell from stack (`11`)
* When calling created word (just `anumber`) it puts its address on the stack, `@` can read cell behind that address (`11`).
* `DOES>` will attach an action to the word that executes when word is called (just `anumber`) and after its address is put on stack. In this example we read value from that words address (`11`) and print it with `.`.

# CamelForth Words

* [GLOSSARY OF WORDS](https://www.bradrodriguez.com/papers/glosslo.txt)

## Low level

```
    TABLE 1.  GLOSSARY OF WORDS IN CAMEL80.AZM
    Words which are (usually) written in CODE.

NAME   stack in -- stack out          description

  Guide to stack diagrams:  R: = return stack,
  c = 8-bit character, flag = boolean (0 or -1),
  n = signed 16-bit, u = unsigned 16-bit,
  d = signed 32-bit, ud = unsigned 32-bit,
  +n = unsigned 15-bit, x = any cell value,
  i*x j*x = any number of cell values,
  a-addr = aligned adrs, c-addr = character adrs
  p-addr = I/O port adrs, sys = system-specific.
  Refer to ANS Forth document for more details.

               ANS Forth Core words
These are required words whose definitions are
specified by the ANS Forth document.

!      x a-addr --           store cell in memory
+      n1/u1 n2/u2 -- n3/u3             add n1+n2
+!     n/u a-addr --           add cell to memory
-      n1/u1 n2/u2 -- n3/u3        subtract n1-n2
<      n1 n2 -- flag           test n1<n2, signed
=      x1 x2 -- flag                   test x1=x2
>      n1 n2 -- flag           test n1>n2, signed
>R     x --   R: -- x        push to return stack
?DUP   x -- 0 | x x                DUP if nonzero
@      a-addr -- x         fetch cell from memory
0<     n -- flag             true if TOS negative
0=     n/u -- flag           return true if TOS=0
1+     n1/u1 -- n2/u2                add 1 to TOS
1-     n1/u1 -- n2/u2         subtract 1 from TOS
2*     x1 -- x2             arithmetic left shift
2/     x1 -- x2            arithmetic right shift
AND    x1 x2 -- x3                    logical AND
CONSTANT   n --           define a Forth constant
C!     c c-addr --           store char in memory
C@     c-addr -- c         fetch char from memory
DROP   x --                     drop top of stack
DUP    x -- x x            duplicate top of stack
EMIT   c --           output character to console
EXECUTE   i*x xt -- j*x   execute Forth word 'xt'
EXIT   --                 exit a colon definition
FILL   c-addr u c --        fill memory with char
I      -- n   R: sys1 sys2 -- sys1 sys2
                     get the innermost loop index
INVERT x1 -- x2                 bitwise inversion
J      -- n   R: 4*sys -- 4*sys
                        get the second loop index
KEY    -- c           get character from keyboard
LSHIFT x1 u -- x2        logical L shift u places
NEGATE x1 -- x2                  two's complement
OR     x1 x2 -- x3                     logical OR
OVER   x1 x2 -- x1 x2 x1        per stack diagram
ROT    x1 x2 x3 -- x2 x3 x1     per stack diagram
RSHIFT x1 u -- x2        logical R shift u places
R>     -- x    R: x --      pop from return stack
R@     -- x    R: x -- x       fetch from rtn stk
SWAP   x1 x2 -- x2 x1          swap top two items
UM*    u1 u2 -- ud       unsigned 16x16->32 mult.
UM/MOD ud u1 -- u2 u3     unsigned 32/16->16 div.
UNLOOP --   R: sys1 sys2 --       drop loop parms
U<     u1 u2 -- flag         test u1<n2, unsigned
VARIABLE   --             define a Forth variable
XOR    x1 x2 -- x3                    logical XOR

               ANS Forth Extensions
These are optional words whose definitions are
specified by the ANS Forth document.

<>     x1 x2 -- flag               test not equal
BYE    i*x --                      return to CP/M
CMOVE  c-addr1 c-addr2 u --      move from bottom
CMOVE> c-addr1 c-addr2 u --         move from top
KEY?   -- flag        return true if char waiting
M+     d1 n -- d2            add single to double
NIP    x1 x2 -- x2              per stack diagram
TUCK   x1 x2 -- x2 x1 x2        per stack diagram
U>     u1 u2 -- flag         test u1>u2, unsigned

               Private Extensions
These are words which are unique to CamelForth.
Many of these are necessary to implement ANS
Forth words, but are not specified by the ANS
document.  Others are functions I find useful.

(do)   n1|u1 n2|u2 --  R: -- sys1 sys2
                             run-time code for DO
(loop) R: sys1 sys2 --  | sys1 sys2
                           run-time code for LOOP
(+loop)  n --   R: sys1 sys2 --  | sys1 sys2
                          run-time code for +LOOP
><     x1 -- x2                        swap bytes
?branch  x --                  branch if TOS zero
BDOS   DE C -- A                   call CP/M BDOS
branch --                           branch always
lit    -- x         fetch inline literal to stack
PC!    c p-addr --            output char to port
PC@    p-addr -- c           input char from port
RP!    a-addr --         set return stack pointer
RP@    -- a-addr         get return stack pointer
SCAN   c-addr1 u1 c -- c-addr2 u2
                               find matching char
SKIP   c-addr1 u1 c -- c-addr2 u2
                              skip matching chars
SP!    a-addr --           set data stack pointer
SP@    -- a-addr           get data stack pointer
S=     c-addr1 c-addr2 u -- n      string compare
               n<0: s1<s2, n=0: s1=s2, n>0: s1>s2
USER   n --              define user variable 'n'
```

## High level

```
     TABLE 1.  GLOSSARY OF "HIGH LEVEL" WORDS
      (files CAMEL80D.AZM and CAMEL80H.AZM)

NAME   stack in -- stack out          description

  Guide to stack diagrams:  R: = return stack,
  c = 8-bit character, flag = boolean (0 or -1),
  n = signed 16-bit, u = unsigned 16-bit,
  d = signed 32-bit, ud = unsigned 32-bit,
  +n = unsigned 15-bit, x = any cell value,
  i*x j*x = any number of cell values,
  a-addr = aligned adrs, c-addr = character adrs
  p-addr = I/O port adrs, sys = system-specific.
  Refer to ANS Forth document for more details.

               ANS Forth Core words
These are required words whose definitions are
specified by the ANS Forth document.

#      ud1 -- ud2       convert 1 digit of output
#S     ud1 -- ud2        convert remaining digits
#>     ud1 -- c-addr u      end conv., get string
'      -- xt              find word in dictionary
(      --                      skip input until )
*      n1 n2 -- n3                signed multiply
*/     n1 n2 n3 -- n4                    n1*n2/n3
*/MOD  n1 n2 n3 -- n4 n5     n1*n2/n3, rem & quot
+LOOP  adrs --   L: 0 a1 a2 .. aN --
,      x --                   append cell to dict
/      n1 n2 -- n3                  signed divide
/MOD   n1 n2 -- n3 n4   signed divide, rem & quot
:      --                begin a colon definition
;                          end a colon definition
<#     --                begin numeric conversion
>BODY  xt -- a-addr           adrs of param field
>IN    -- a-addr            holds offset into TIB
>NUMBER  ud adr u -- ud' adr' u'
                         convert string to number
2DROP  x1 x2 --                      drop 2 cells
2DUP   x1 x2 -- x1 x2 x1 x2       dup top 2 cells
2OVER  x1 x2 x3 x4 -- x1 x2 x3 x4 x1 x2  per diag
2SWAP  x1 x2 x3 x4 -- x3 x4 x1 x2     per diagram
2!     x1 x2 a-addr --              store 2 cells
2@     a-addr -- x1 x2              fetch 2 cells
ABORT  i*x --   R: j*x --      clear stack & QUIT
ABORT" i*x 0  -- i*x   R: j*x -- j*x  print msg &
       i*x x1 --       R: j*x --      abort,x1<>0
ABS    n1 -- +n2                   absolute value
ACCEPT c-addr +n -- +n'    get line from terminal
ALIGN  --                              align HERE
ALIGNED addr -- a-addr           align given addr
ALLOT  n --              allocate n bytes in dict
BASE   -- a-addr           holds conversion radix
BEGIN  -- adrs         target for backward branch
BL     -- char                     an ASCII space
C,     char --                append char to dict
CELLS  n1 -- n2                 cells->adrs units
CELL+  a-addr1 -- a-addr2   add cell size to adrs
CHAR   -- char              parse ASCII character
CHARS  n1 -- n2                 chars->adrs units
CHAR+  c-addr1 -- c-addr2   add char size to adrs
COUNT  c-addr1 -- c-addr2 u      counted->adr/len
CR     --                          output newline
CREATE --              create an empty definition
DECIMAL --             set number base to decimal
DEPTH  -- +n             number of items on stack
DO     -- adrs   L: -- 0        start of DO..LOOP
DOES>  --           change action of latest def'n
ELSE   adrs1 -- adrs2         branch for IF..ELSE
ENVIRONMENT?  c-addr u -- false      system query
EVALUATE  i*x c-addr u -- j*x    interpret string
FIND   c-addr -- c-addr 0     ..if name not found
                 xt  1        ..if immediate
                 xt -1        ..if "normal"
FM/MOD d1 n1 -- n2 n3     floored signed division
HERE   -- addr         returns dictionary pointer
HOLD   char --          add char to output string
IF     -- adrs         conditional forward branch
IMMEDIATE   --          make last def'n immediate
LEAVE  --    L: -- adrs             exit DO..LOOP
LITERAL x --      append numeric literal to dict.
LOOP   adrs --   L: 0 a1 a2 .. aN --
MAX    n1 n2 -- n3                 signed maximum
MIN    n1 n2 -- n3                 signed minimum
MOD    n1 n2 -- n3               signed remainder
MOVE   addr1 addr2 u --                smart move
M*     n1 n2 -- d       signed 16*16->32 multiply
POSTPONE  --      postpone compile action of word
QUIT   --    R: i*x --    interpret from keyboard
RECURSE --             recurse current definition
REPEAT adrs1 adrs2 --          resolve WHILE loop
SIGN   n --                 add minus sign if n<0
SM/REM d1 n1 -- n2 n3   symmetric signed division
SOURCE -- adr n              current input buffer
SPACE  --                          output a space
SPACES n --                       output n spaces
STATE  -- a-addr             holds compiler state
S"     --                  compile in-line string
."     --                 compile string to print
S>D    n -- d          single -> double precision
THEN   adrs --             resolve forward branch
TYPE   c-addr +n --         type line to terminal
UNTIL  adrs --        conditional backward branch
U.     u --                    display u unsigned
.      n --                      display n signed
WHILE  -- adrs              branch for WHILE loop
WORD   char -- c-addr n  parse word delim by char
[      --                enter interpretive state
[CHAR] --               compile character literal
[']    --          find word & compile as literal
]      --                   enter compiling state

               ANS Forth Extensions
These are optional words whose definitions are
specified by the ANS Forth document.

.S     --                    print stack contents
/STRING a u n -- a+n u-n              trim string
AGAIN  adrs --           uncond'l backward branch
COMPILE,  xt --            append execution token
DABS   d1 -- +d2        absolute value, dbl.prec.
DNEGATE d1 -- d2         negate, double precision
HEX    --                  set number base to hex
PAD    -- a-addr                  user PAD buffer
TIB    -- a-addr            Terminal Input Buffer
WITHIN n1|u1 n2|u2 n3|u3 -- f     test n2<=n1<n3?
WORDS  --                 list all words in dict.

               Private Extensions
These are words which are unique to CamelForth.
Many of these are necessary to implement ANS
Forth words, but are not specified by the ANS
document.  Others are functions I find useful.

!CF    adrs cfa --      set code action of a word
!COLON --            change code field to docolon
!DEST  dest adrs --        change a branch dest'n
#INIT  -- n         #bytes of user area init data
'SOURCE  -- a-addr           two cells: len, adrs
(DOES>)  --              run-time action of DOES>
(S")   -- c-addr u           run-time code for S"
,BRANCH xt --         append a branch instruction
,CF    adrs --                append a code field
,DEST  dest --            append a branch address
,EXIT  --             append hi-level EXIT action
>COUNTED  src n dst --        copy to counted str
>DIGIT n -- c                 convert to 0..9A..Z
>L     x --   L: -- x         move to Leave stack
?ABORT f c-addr u --            abort & print msg
?DNEGATE  d1 n -- d2      negate d1 if n negative
?NEGATE  n1 n2 -- n3     negate n1 if n2 negative
?NUMBER  c-addr -- n -1    convert string->number
                -- c-addr 0      if convert error
?SIGN  adr n -- adr' n' f       get optional sign
     advance adr/n if sign; return NZ if negative
CELL   -- n                      size of one cell
COLD   --                 cold start Forth system
COMPILE --          append inline execution token
DIGIT? c -- n -1          ..if c is a valid digit
         -- x  0          ..otherwise
DP     -- a-addr             holds dictionary ptr
ENDLOOP  adrs xt --   L: 0 a1 a2 .. aN --
HIDE   --                "hide" latest definition
HP     -- a-addr                     HOLD pointer
IMMED?  nfa -- f             fetch immediate flag
INTERPRET    i*x c-addr u -- j*x
                           interpret given buffer
L0     -- a-addr            bottom of Leave stack
LATEST -- a-addr          last word in dictionary
LP     -- a-addr              Leave-stack pointer
L>     -- x   L: x --       move from Leave stack
NFA>CFA  nfa -- cfa        name adr -> code field
NFA>LFA  nfa -- lfa        name adr -> link field
R0     -- a-addr              end of return stack
REVEAL --              "reveal" latest definition
S0     -- a-addr           end of parameter stack
TIBSIZE  -- n                         size of TIB
U0     -- a-addr           current user area adrs
UD*    ud1 d2 -- ud3           32*16->32 multiply
UD/MOD ud1 u2 -- u3 ud4          32/16->32 divide
UINIT  -- addr       initial values for user area
UMAX   u1 u2 -- u                unsigned maximum
UMIN   u1 u2 -- u                unsigned minimum
```

## IO ports

It is possible to set B register (high address byte) when doing output to port:

```forth
88 FF54 PC!
```

Here:

* `88` is byte for data.
* `FF` is high address byte
* `54` is low address byte (port)

# CamelForth implementation details

* CamelForth adds _NEXT_ assembly macro invocation to each word implementation to load next word to be executed and jump to its implementation.
* `EXECUTE` pops address of word from stack and jumps to it.
* `DOES>` will then put old interpreter pointer on return stack and load new pointer and parameter field address from parameter stack and put parameter field address as top of stack, then call _NEXT_.
* After word definition is executed, _EXIT_ is called that pops return address from return stack and jumps to it with _NEXT_.
* CamelForth does not use function call instructions but does uses `SP` register and `pop`/`push` to manipulate parameter stack.
* In essence all execution happens within action code of words in the dictionary and execution flow jumps from one word to another keeping return addresses on the return stack.
* Data values are stored on parameter stack and in dictionary, associated to words parameter field.
* Constants and variables are just words that don't have actions and only use parameter filed address to store values in the dictionary.

Z80 CPU register usage:

```
; Direct-Threaded Forth model for Zilog Z80
; 16 bit cell, 8 bit char, 8 bit (byte) adrs unit
;    Z80 BC = Forth TOS (top Param Stack item)
;        HL =       W    working register
;        DE =       IP   Interpreter Pointer
;        SP =       PSP  Param Stack Pointer
;        IX =       RSP  Return Stack Pointer
;        IY =       UP   User area Pointer
;    A, alternate register set = temporaries
```

* `BC` register keeps the top stack value at all times while the stack has the following items.

# RC2014 Cards

# RC2014 Cards Resources

- [https://hackaday.io/project/159057-game-boards-for-rc2014](https://hackaday.io/project/159057-game-boards-for-rc2014)
    - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1K\_cc8wFURc
- [TMS9918A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMS9918) based video card
- [SN76489](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments_SN76489) based sound card
- [https://www.tindie.com/stores/mfkamprath/](https://www.tindie.com/stores/mfkamprath/)
- [ESP8266 Wifi Module For RC2014](https://www.tindie.com/products/semachthemonkey/esp8266-wifi-module-for-rc2014/)
- [ DS1302 Real Time Clock Module for RC2014](https://www.tindie.com/products/semachthemonkey/ds1302-real-time-clock-module-for-rc2014/)

# Quazar OLED interface

 [![quazar_oled.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-11/scaled-1680-/sskD0kfwZ5sEBVkC-quazar-oled.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2024-11/sskD0kfwZ5sEBVkC-quazar-oled.jpg)

Official site: [https://2014.samcoupe.com/#graphicoled](https://2014.samcoupe.com/#graphicoled)

Based on SSD1305 OLED display (128x32 version?): [SSD1305.pdf](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/40)

Uses `0x50` I/O port by default (fully configurable). I/O decoder uses [74HCT02](https://wiki.hexadust.net/books/electronics/page/chips#bkmrk-sn74hct02) NOR gates and [74GCT688](https://wiki.hexadust.net/books/electronics/page/chips#bkmrk-cd74hct688) 8-bit comparator.

The SSD1305 chip is placed behind two [74HCT573](https://wiki.hexadust.net/books/electronics/page/chips#bkmrk-snx4hct573 "74HCT573") 8-bit latches so it can be timed slower than Z80 bus:

- One latch takes 8 bit data bus and forwards to the OLED chip.
- The other latch takes 3 control bits from higher address buss byte as output from B register.
- Latches take input on I/O bus write when base address matches. 
    - Compactor is enabled when RW and IORQ are active (low).
    - If address matches the I/O address select the latches will copy and store data from data bus and first 3-bits from high address byte.
    - The latched data is presented to OLED until the next I/O write to the card occurs.

## Software

I have implemented a program to display images using instructions form provided manual:

- [rc2014-oled](https://gitea.hexadust.net/hxd/rc2014-oled) - `oled` program for CP/M and PNG image converter.

# Quazar SID Interface

## SID Programming

- [https://www.c64-wiki.com/wiki/SID](https://www.c64-wiki.com/wiki/SID)
- [MOS6581\_SID\_data\_sheet.pdf](https://wiki.hexadust.net/attachments/98)

[![1000013963.png](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-10/scaled-1680-/WKRcb1sNtAWNH5vf-1000013963.png)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-10/WKRcb1sNtAWNH5vf-1000013963.png)

## <span class="mw-headline" id="bkmrk-memory-addresses-of--1">Memory Addresses of the SID</span>

<table border="1" class="wikitable" id="bkmrk-reg-function-0-frequ" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-width: 1px;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">**Reg**</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">**Function**</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">0</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">frequency voice 1 low byte</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">1</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">frequency voice 1 high byte</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">2</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">pulse wave duty cycle voice 1 low byte</td></tr><tr><th style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">7..4</th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">3..0</th></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">3</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">—</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">pulse wave duty cycle voice 1 high byte</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">4</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">control register voice 1</td></tr><tr><th style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>7</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>6</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>5</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>4</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>3</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>2</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>1</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>0 </a></th></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">noise</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">pulse</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">sawtooth</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">triangle</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">test</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">ring modulation with voice 3</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">synchronize with voice 3</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">gate</td></tr><tr><th style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">7..4</th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">3..0</th></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">5</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">attack duration</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">decay duration voice 1</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">6</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">sustain level</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">release duration</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">7</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">frequency voice 2 low byte</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">8</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">frequency voice 2 high byte</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">9</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">pulse wave duty cycle voice 2 low byte</td></tr><tr><th style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">7..4</th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">3..0</th></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">10</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">—</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">pulse wave duty cycle voice 2 high byte</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">11</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">control register voice 2</td></tr><tr><th style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>7</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>6</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>5</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>4</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>3</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>2</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>1</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>0 </a></th></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">noise</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">pulse</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">sawtooth</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">triangle</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">test</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">ring modulation with voice 1</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">synchronize with voice 1</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">gate</td></tr><tr><th style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">7..4</th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">3..0</th></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">12</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">attack duration</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">decay duration voice 2</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">13</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">sustain level</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">release duration voice 2</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">14</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">frequency voice 3 low byte</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">15</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">frequency voice 3 high byte</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">16</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">pulse wave duty cycle voice 3 low byte</td></tr><tr><th style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">7..4</th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">3..0</th></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">17</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">—</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">pulse wave duty cycle voice 3 high byte</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">18</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">control register voice 3</td></tr><tr><th style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>7</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>6</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>5</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>4</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>3</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>2</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>1</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>0 </a></th></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">noise</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">pulse</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">sawtooth</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">triangle</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">test</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">ring modulation with voice 2</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">synchronize with voice 2</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">gate</td></tr><tr><th style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">7..4</th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">3..0</th></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">19</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">attack duration</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">decay duration voice 3</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">20</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">sustain level</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">release duration voice 3</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">21</td><td colspan="5" style="width: 58.3773%; border-width: 1px;">—</td><td colspan="3" style="width: 35.0264%; border-width: 1px;">filter cutoff frequency low byte</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">22</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">filter cutoff frequency high byte</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">23</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">filter resonance and routing</td></tr><tr><th style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">7..4</th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>3</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>2</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>1</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>0 </a></th></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">filter resonance</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">external input</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">voice 3</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">voice 2</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">voice 1</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">24</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">filter mode and main volume control</td></tr><tr><th style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>7</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>6</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>5</a></th><th style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;"><a>4</a></th><th colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">3..0</th></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;"> </td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">mute voice 3</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">high pass</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">band pass</td><td style="width: 11.6755%; border-width: 1px;">low pass</td><td colspan="4" style="width: 46.7019%; border-width: 1px;">main volume</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">25</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">paddle x value (read only) - not available</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">26</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">paddle y value (read only) - not available</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">27</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">oscillator voice 3 (read only) - not available</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 6.55256%; border-width: 1px;">28</td><td colspan="8" style="width: 93.4038%; border-width: 1px;">envelope voice 3 (read only) - not available</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Envelopes

[![sidadsr.gif](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-11/KBzCCgvq6NhBnvwF-sidadsr.gif)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-11/KBzCCgvq6NhBnvwF-sidadsr.gif)

<table border="1" id="bkmrk-value-attack-rate-re" style="width: 35.4762%; height: 546.599px; border-collapse: collapse; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid;"><tbody class="row-striping"><tr class="row-1" style="height: 46.2333px;"><td class="column-2 dt-orderable-none" data-dt-column="1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 46.2333px;">**Value**</td><td class="column-4 dt-orderable-none" data-dt-column="3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 46.2333px;"><div class="dt-column-header">**<span class="dt-column-title">Attack Rate</span>**</div></td><td style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 46.2333px;">**<span class="dt-column-title">Decay/Release Rate</span>**</td></tr><tr class="row-2" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">Decimal</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">(Time/Cycle)</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">(Time/Cycle)</td></tr><tr class="row-3" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">0</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">2 mS</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">6 mS</td></tr><tr class="row-4" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">1</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">8 mS</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">24 mS</td></tr><tr class="row-5" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">2</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">16 mS</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">48 mS</td></tr><tr class="row-6" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">3</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">24 mS</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">72 mS</td></tr><tr class="row-7" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">4</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">38 mS</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">114 mS</td></tr><tr class="row-8" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">5</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">56 mS</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">168 mS</td></tr><tr class="row-9" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">6</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">68 mS</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">204 mS</td></tr><tr class="row-10" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">7</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">80 mS</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">240 mS</td></tr><tr class="row-11" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">8</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">100 mS</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">300 mS</td></tr><tr class="row-12" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">9</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">250 mS</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">750 mS</td></tr><tr class="row-13" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">10</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">500 mS</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">1.5 S</td></tr><tr class="row-14" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">11</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">800 mS</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">2.4 S</td></tr><tr class="row-15" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">12</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">1 S</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">3 S</td></tr><tr class="row-16" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">13</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">3 S</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">9 S</td></tr><tr class="row-17" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">14</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">5 S</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">15 S</td></tr><tr class="row-18" style="height: 29.4333px;"><td class="column-1" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">15</td><td class="column-3" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">8 S</td><td class="column-4" style="width: 33.3585%; border-width: 1px; height: 29.4333px;">24 S</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Frequency

```
\ Frequency table:
: SID:NOTE:C4  4389 ;
: SID:NOTE:C4# 4650 ;
: SID:NOTE:D4  4927 ;
: SID:NOTE:D4# 5220 ;
: SID:NOTE:E4  5530 ;
: SID:NOTE:F4  5859 ;
: SID:NOTE:F4# 6207 ;
: SID:NOTE:G4  6577 ;
: SID:NOTE:G4# 6968 ;
: SID:NOTE:A4  7382 ;
: SID:NOTE:A4# 7821 ;
: SID:NOTE:B4  8286 ;

\ Octave shifts
: SID:OCT:UP 2* ;
: SID:OCT:DOWN 2/ ;
```

## Using with RC2014 Mini II Picasso

[![rc2014-sid-picasso.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-10/scaled-1680-/CtuuwXAQ5rxqZeN2-rc2014-sid-picasso.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-10/CtuuwXAQ5rxqZeN2-rc2014-sid-picasso.jpg)

### Limitations

- Interrupt timer won't work since first half of memory is ROM and can't install interrupt handler. This will work with CP/M cards where all memory space is backed by RAM.
- It is not possible to read data from SID chip. Paddled and voice 3 data and ADSR registers cannot be read.

### Basic

Set ROM address to `0 100` (just *Bank 2* set) to boot into *Microsoft BASIC (Phil Green)*.

Insert SID interface card: marked `A15` pin is pin 1.

Use the following test BASIC program (as provided in the instructions):

```vbscript
10 DATA 205,7,10,123,66,14,84,237,121
20 DATA 0,0,0,203,248,237,121,195,125,17
30 FOR A=-1024 TO -1006
40 READ D
50 POKE A,D
60 NEXT A
70 POKE -32695,0
80 POKE -32694,252
90 LET A=USR(1024)
100 LET A=USR(6159)
101 LET A=USR(1280)
102 LET A=USR(1776)
103 LET A=USR(1041)
110 FOR D=256 TO 511
120 LET A=USR(D)
130 NEXT D
140 GOTO 110
```

Type `RUN` to start it. You should hear "siren" audio effect.

### CamelForth

Set ROM address to `0 001` (just *Bank 8* set) to boot into *CamelForth (Justin Skists)*.

Paste following Forth program.

```
\ PS2!     c c p-addr --   Data byte (A), high address byte (B), port address (C) - OUT to port with A and B registers set
: PC2! SWAP >< OR PC! ; 
\ SID!     c c --          Data value, register (0-31); bits 5,6 are for interrupt settings; bit 7 (/CS) is handled
: SID!
  2DUP 128 OR 84 PC2!
  2DUP 127 AND 84 PC2!
  128 OR 84 PC2! ;

: SIDRST 0 24 SID! 0 4 SID! ;
: SIDTEST 15 24 SID! 10 0 DO 255 0 DO I 1 SID! LOOP LOOP 0 24 SID! ;

SIDRST 
15 24 SID! 
0 5 SID! 
240 6 SID! 
17 4 SID! 
SIDTEST
```

Decimals used:

- 84 = 0x52 - I/O port number
- 24 = 0x18 register 0x18 (24), no interrupt
- 128 - high bit set
- 127 - all but high bit set

See project page for CamelForth SID library: [sid.4th](https://gitea.hexadust.net/hxd/rc2014-sid/src/branch/main/sid.4th)

# Mini II Picasso

[![picasso-ascii-942527.png](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/scaled-1680-/idQSesTl4wCQ5x5i-picasso-ascii-942527.png)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/idQSesTl4wCQ5x5i-picasso-ascii-942527.png)

- Kit number: **942527**
- [RC2014 Mini II Picasso](https://rc2014.co.uk/full-kits/rc2014-mini-ii-picasso/)
- [RC2014 Mini II (of which Picasso is a PCB variant)](https://rc2014.co.uk/full-kits/rc2014-mini-ii/)

[![picasso.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/scaled-1680-/QJcuKkA7jdSgJCx9-picasso.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/QJcuKkA7jdSgJCx9-picasso.jpg)[![picasso2.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/scaled-1680-/GZvG5EuBxSWw5HFV-picasso2.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/GZvG5EuBxSWw5HFV-picasso2.jpg)

[![picasso5.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/scaled-1680-/8lLhyMUyvU3EazET-picasso5.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/8lLhyMUyvU3EazET-picasso5.jpg)[![picasso4.jpg](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/scaled-1680-/alRbLQkI7VSiyjvB-picasso4.jpg)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/alRbLQkI7VSiyjvB-picasso4.jpg)

## Schematic

[![Mini-II.png](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/scaled-1680-/hqWp7FWw7bWg8iTl-mini-ii.png)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/hqWp7FWw7bWg8iTl-mini-ii.png)

> A DS1233+5 will also keep the Z80 in reset state on power-on until the voltages have stabilised, meaning the Z80 should always boot cleanly.

## Memory map

<table id="bkmrk-0x0000-%280-kib%29---0x1" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;height:177.1px;"><colgroup><col style="width:33.3611%;"></col><col style="width:33.3611%;"></col><col style="width:33.3611%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td style="height:29.5167px;">`0x0000` (`0 KiB`) - `0x1FFF`</td><td class="align-center" style="height:29.5167px;">ROM - 8 KiB Bank</td><td class="align-center" rowspan="2" style="height:59.0334px;">ROM - 16 KiB Bank

</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td style="height:29.5167px;">`0x2000` (`8 KiB`) - `0x3FFF`</td><td class="align-center" style="height:29.5167px;">ROM Shadow - 8 KiB</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td style="height:29.5167px;">`0x4000` (`16 KiB`) - `0x7FFF`</td><td class="align-center" colspan="2" style="height:29.5167px;">*Unused*</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td style="height:29.5167px;">`0x8000` (`32 KiB`) - `0x8000`  
</td><td class="align-center" colspan="2" style="height:29.5167px;">RAM - 32 KiB</td></tr></tbody></table>

## ROM map

There is 128 KiB of ROM mapped as 8 KiB or 16 KiB bank depending on jumper setting.

> JP1/JP2 can either be horizontal (16k), omitted (lower 8k) or vertical (upper 8k).

<table id="bkmrk-16-kib-bank-8-kib-ba" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;height:519.467px;"><colgroup><col style="width:10.8424%;"></col><col style="width:9.29465%;"></col><col style="width:20.8495%;"></col><col style="width:14.2976%;"></col><col style="width:44.7992%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:46.3167px;"><td style="height:46.3167px;">**16 KiB Bank**</td><td style="height:46.3167px;">**8 KiB Bank**</td><td style="height:46.3167px;">**+1 (`--` is 16k and +1)**</td><td style="height:46.3167px;">**Bank 2, 4, 8**</td><td style="height:46.3167px;">**Image**</td></tr><tr style="height:29.6px;"><td rowspan="2" style="height:59.1167px;">0</td><td style="height:29.6px;">0</td><td class="align-right" style="height:29.6px;">`0`</td><td style="height:29.6px;">`000`</td><td style="height:29.6px;">Microsoft BASIC (Phillip Stevens)</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td style="height:29.5167px;">1</td><td class="align-right" style="height:29.5167px;">`1`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">`000`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">*Reserved*</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td rowspan="2" style="height:59.0334px;">1</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">**2**</td><td class="align-right" style="height:29.5167px;">`0`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">`100`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">Microsoft BASIC (Phil Green)</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td style="height:29.5167px;">3</td><td class="align-right" style="height:29.5167px;">`1`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">`100`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">*Reserved*</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td rowspan="2" style="height:59.8334px;">**2**</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">4</td><td class="align-right" rowspan="2" style="height:59.8334px;">`--`</td><td rowspan="2" style="height:59.8334px;">`010`  
</td><td rowspan="2" style="height:59.8334px;">CP/M\* (Grant Searle)  
</td></tr><tr style="height:30.3167px;"><td style="height:30.3167px;">5</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td rowspan="2" style="height:59.0334px;">**3**</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">6</td><td class="align-right" rowspan="2" style="height:59.0334px;">`--`  
</td><td rowspan="2" style="height:59.0334px;">`110`</td><td rowspan="2" style="height:59.0334px;">SCM R4 inc BASIC and CP/M\* (Steven Cousins)  
</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td style="height:29.5167px;">7</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td rowspan="2" style="height:59.0334px;">4</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">**8**</td><td class="align-right" style="height:29.5167px;">`0`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">`001`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">CamelForth (Justin Skists)</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td style="height:29.5167px;">9</td><td class="align-right" style="height:29.5167px;">`1`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">`001`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">*Reserved*</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td rowspan="2" style="height:59.0334px;">5</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">10</td><td class="align-right" style="height:29.5167px;">`0`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">`101`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">*Reserved*</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td style="height:29.5167px;">11</td><td class="align-right" style="height:29.5167px;">`1`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">`101`

</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">*Reserved*</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td rowspan="2" style="height:59.0334px;">6</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">**12**</td><td class="align-right" style="height:29.5167px;">`0`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">`011`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">Microsoft BASIC (Grant Searle)</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td style="height:29.5167px;">**13**</td><td class="align-right" style="height:29.5167px;">`1`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">`011`

</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">*Reserved*</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td rowspan="2" style="height:59.0334px;">7</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">**14**</td><td class="align-right" style="height:29.5167px;">`0`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">`111`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">SCM R1 (Steven Cousins)</td></tr><tr style="height:29.5167px;"><td style="height:29.5167px;">**15**</td><td class="align-right" style="height:29.5167px;">`1`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">`111`</td><td style="height:29.5167px;">SCM R1 (Steven Cousins)</td></tr></tbody></table>

[![Mini-II-Jumpers-Setting-Table-2.png](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/scaled-1680-/gMqNAj6Zf06Eealz-mini-ii-jumpers-setting-table-2.png)](https://wiki.hexadust.net/uploads/images/gallery/2025-06/gMqNAj6Zf06Eealz-mini-ii-jumpers-setting-table-2.png)